These are often first-line medications that work by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor through the uveoscleral pathway. They are typically used once daily at night and are highly effective in lowering intraocular pressure. Common side effects may include eye redness, darkening of the iris, and eyelash growth.
Beta-blockers reduce the production of aqueous humor, thereby lowering intraocular pressure. They are usually used once or twice daily. Systemic side effects can include fatigue, slowed heart rate, or breathing issues, especially in patients with asthma or heart conditions.
These medications both decrease fluid production and increase outflow. They are typically used twice or three times daily. Possible side effects include dry mouth, drowsiness, and allergic reactions like eye redness or irritation.
These reduce aqueous humor production by inhibiting the carbonic anhydrase enzyme in the ciliary body. Available as eye drops or oral tablets, they are used when other treatments are insufficient. Side effects may include a bitter taste, stinging, and rarely, systemic effects like kidney stones (especially with oral forms).
This newer class improves fluid outflow through the trabecular meshwork. Usually dosed once daily, it can cause side effects like eye redness and corneal deposits. It is often used in combination therapies when additional pressure reduction is needed.
These drugs work by stimulating the iris and ciliary muscles, which open the trabecular meshwork to improve outflow. They are used less frequently today due to side effects like blurred vision, headache, and pupil constriction.
